Identification of Gunshot Residues in Forensic Investigations Exploring Tertiary Transfer Dynamics

Ahmodu Idris Obadahun J., Christopher. M., Ndonya A. I., Yakubu Godwin, Muhammed Abbas Suleiman, Ibrahim Mustap

Abstract


This study explores the dynamics of gunshot residue (GSR) transfer, particularly focusing on the identification of suspects in gun-related crimes through the analysis of organic and inorganic GSR particles. Forensic ballistics, the field of science concerned with projectile motion and the behavior of firearms, serves as the backdrop for this investigation. Employing a SIG Sauer P226 self-loading pistol, ten rounds were fired, and subsequent GSR analyses were conducted using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) for organic residues and Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM/EDX) for inorganic residues. Results indicated significant secondary and tertiary transfers of GSR particles following handshakes, with substantial quantities of residues recovered from individuals not directly present during the initial discharge. The transfer efficiencies were quantitatively assessed, revealing tertiary transfer rates of 42.6% to 54.8%, which underscores the potential for non-present suspects to evidence GSR on their person. These findings enhance the understanding of GSR transfer mechanisms and their implications for forensic investigations, emphasizing the necessity for stringent contamination controls during evidence collection and processing. This research contributes to refining crime scene reconstruction methodologies and presents practical implications for forensic ballistics in identifying the true shooter in firearm-related incidents. 


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