Modelling and Analysis of Speed Control System for DC Motor using Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) Controller

Abstract

DC (Direct Current) motors are widely used as controllers in the industrial and robotics fields. In the rotation of the DC motor, there is still an unstable rotational speed so that a controller is needed to be able to stabilize the speed at the rotation of the DC motor. The control used in this study used the PID (Proportional Integral Derivative) control method. The PID control system works by processing calculations based on control variables Kp, Ki, and Kd to achieve conditions according to the expected setpoints. The accurate control of the speed of Direct Current (DC) motors is a critical requirement in many industrial and engineering applications, ranging from robotics to manufacturing systems. Conventional methods of motor speed control often face the challenge of overshoot, steady-state error, and slow response time. To address these issues, this project focuses on the design and simulation of a speed control system for a DC motor using a Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller. The PID controller combines the proportional action for immediate error correction, integral action for eliminating steady-state error, and derivative action for predicting future error, thereby enhancing system stability and performance. The mathematical model of the DC motor is developed, and the control strategy is implemented in MATLAB/Simulink. Simulation results demonstrate that the PID controller provides fast response, reduced overshoot, and minimal steady-state error compared to uncontrolled operation. This project highlights the effectiveness of PID control in achieving precise and stable DC motor speed regulation, making it suitable for real-world applications requiring reliability and efficiency.