An Assessment of the Impact of School Feeding Programmes on Pupils’ Enrollment and Retention in Primary Schools in Zaria Local Government Area, Kaduna State

Abstract

School Feeding Programs (SFPs) serve as crucial initiatives designed to improve access to and the standard of education. In Nigeria, both national and local governments have adopted these programs, though there is a lack of empirical research on their effects on essential metrics such as enrolment and retention, particularly in the northern regions. This research evaluated the influence of SFP on student enrolment and retention in primary schools located in the Zaria Local Government Area of Kaduna State, Nigeria. A concurrent mixed-methods approach was utilized for the study. A well-structured survey was distributed to 380 educators and school administrators drawn from 12 primary institutions chosen through a multi-stage sampling technique, achieving a response rate of 95%. The quantitative data obtained were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlation, and independent samples t-tests. At the same time, 15 detailed interviews were carried out with principals and program overseers, and the qualitative data were examined thematically. The quantitative outcomes revealed a significant positive relationship between the deployment of SFPs and enrolment figures (r = .78, p < .001). Schools that maintained consistent feeding programs saw an average enrolment increase of 34% over three years compared to similar control periods prior to the intervention. The retention rates, evaluated through annual dropout statistics, improved by nearly 22% in schools participating in the SFP. The t-test indicated a noteworthy distinction in retention rates between SFP and non-SFP periods (t(378) = 5.67, p < .001). Qualitative insights uncovered major obstacles, including unreliable funding (noted by 92% of respondents), delays in food deliveries (85%), inconsistent meal quality (73%), and inadequate community involvement (67%). The findings illustrate that the SFP within Zaria LGA significantly enhances primary school enrolment and retention. Nonetheless, systemic obstacles pose risks to its long-term viability and effectiveness. Suggestions for improvement involve ensuring consistent funding, enhancing supply chain processes, establishing rigorous quality control measures, and promoting stronger community engagement. This research offers practical insights for policymakers to refine SFPs as a means to fulfill Sustainable Development Goal 4.